In 2004 we evaluated the ultimate design of PTS: a contoured compressed top cap bearing sugar (as feeding stimulant), spinosad (Entrust), and paraffin wax. Thus, discs containing sugar, paraffin and spinosad at a concentration of 1% should offer effective season-longĬontrol of AM in commercial orchards. From our last experiment, we learned that the concentration of spinosad in the disc needs to be at least 0.1% to be effective after 10 inches of artificial rainfall. From our second study we found that after 6 and 9 weeks of exposure in orchard trees, 2003-version PTS topped by discs containing 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% or 4.0% spinosad were equally effective at killing adults placed directly on the spheres in the laboratory. It also exceeded control by insecticide sprayed for AM. From our first 2003 study we determined that the 2003 version of PTS topped by discs containing 4% spinosad outperformed both 2002-version PTS (whose surface contained paint mixed with imidacloprid). Varying amounts of spinosad (either 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 1.0% spinosad) at killing flies after being submitted to different amounts of artificial rain (1, 4, 7 or 10 inches) using a laboratory chamber. In 2003 we also aimed at determining, in the laboratory, the ability of 2003-version PTS having sugar-paraffin discs containing The objective of a second study in 2003 was to compare different concentrations of spinosad (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% or 4.0%) for toxicity to adult flies in the laboratory after 6, 9 and 12 weeks of deployment in orchards.
The 2002 version of PTS consisted of a sphere coated with red latex paint containing a small amount of imidacloprid as the fly killing agent topped by a sugar-paraffin disc containing no insecticide. In 2003 we compared a new PTS consisting of an unpainted red plastic sphere topped by a sugar-paraffin (feeding stimulant) disc that contained a small amount of Spinosad as fly killing agent against the version of PTS evaluated in 2002. Progress 09/01/01 to 08/31/04 Outputs During the course of the project, several experiments were performed to develop and evaluate a new prototype of pesticide-treated sphere (PTS) for apple maggot (AM) control in commercial orchards. Effectiveness of candidate sucrose discs atop spheres will be evaluated initially in the laboratory, using field-collected apple maggot flies placed individually on spheres following submission of spheres to varying amounts of rainfall, andįinally in the field in several commercial apple orchards. Our approach to overcoming these constraints and developing an ideal sucrose disc will include investigations of the following variables: type of wax used in association with sucrose, proportions of sucrose and wax, shape of disc, amount of hydraulic pressure applied to disc, size of disc, color of disc, and physical and chemical methods of deterring rodents and other consumers. These endure no more than 6 inches of rainfall before exhaustion of sucrose, distribute sucrose unevenly across the sphere surface, and are highly subject to consumption by rodents, birds and larger vertebrates. and consist of 85% sucrose and 15% paraffin wax compressed under 6 tons of hydraulic pressure. Project Methods Present sucrose discs measure 2 cm tall x 4 cm diam.
Spheres, developed during preceding fall and winter, for directly controlling apple maggot flies in commercial orchards. During summer of Year 2, demonstrate and evaluate efficacy of refined and finalized sucrose-capped During fall and winter of Year 2, refine and finalize sucrose discs developed during Year 1, based on advantages and shortcomings observed during orchard performance. During summer of Year 1, evaluate efficacy of sucrose-capped spheres, developed in preceding months, for directly controlling apple maggot flies in commercial apple orchards in Massachusetts. During fall, winter and spring of Year 1, develop an effective, durable, vertebrate-proof and pesticide-free sucrose disc that, when placed atop a wooden 8 cm sphere treated with 4% imidacloprid for controlling apple maggot flies, will provide a rainfall-enduring season-long supply of sucrose to the sphere surface, needed for inducing alighting fly ingestion of pesticide from the sphere surface and subsequent mortality. Goals / Objectives Objectives encompass efforts in both research and demonstration extending over a period of 2 years.
0 kommentar(er)
